Kurdish History & Culture

The Zand Shiite Kurdish State

This article explores the short-lived but impactful Zand Shiite Kurdish State (1751-1779) in 18th-century Iran, founded by Karim Khan Zend, and discusses the complex linguistic and religious diversity within Kurdish society.

Tribalism and Social Reality

This essay explores the enduring presence and significance of tribal, clan, and lineage-based social structures in both modern and traditional societies, challenging the notion that such formations are exclusive to "primitive" cultures.